CULTURE
K. Zohra
Culture mohchho a vaw duakhâtuhpa, E. B. Taylor he chyhsa rônah ngaitapa, chyhsa thyutôna alaichadaithaipa (anthropologist) a châ. Gustav Klenn châbu (1843-1852 daihti chhôh liata ropa) khaina tawhta kô 1865 pata culture mohchho he E. B. Taylor ta a vaw duakheipa a châ. E. B. Taylor heta châbu Primitive Culture tahpa kô 1871 liata roh ta, he daihti rakha tawhta culture he chyhsapa chi nata pho thati alaichadaina liata bie nata hla thaby chaipa a vaw châ.1 Culture he German reihkah Kulture nata alyuna ama hnei. Culture y zie E. B. Taylor ta he hawhta a vaw chhopasia. “Chyhsapa hrozie, pahnona, thaina, palô phaozie, phôryhpa, taozie nanopa zydua a pahlypakhypa he a châ”.2 Bierstdt Robert ta he hawhta culture y zie a vaw chhopasia hra, “Chyhsapa khitla hro liata hmotaopa, pachapa nata hneipa zy apahlypakhyhpa he culture a châ”.3
CULTURE TA A CHAKAIHPAZY:
Culture he chyhsapa hro nata hmasiena zy liata bie nata hla rônah ngaita kawpa a châ. Culture ta a chakaihpazy S. Kapila ta he hawhta a reihpasia hra.4
1. Culture he chyhsapa hrozie/taozie liata a chuchhyh theipa (learned behaviour) a châ.
Chyhsapa heta culture pikhei vei.
2. Culture he hrozie a hla pachhuah theipa (social heritage) châta, moto ta (chi nata pho group) ahlykhai theipa a châ.
3. Culture he khitllah nata zawpi hrozie y zie hnei kawpa ta a siekheituhpa a châ.
4. Culture he daihti akhôchiepa zy nata azaona pathupa a hneipa a châ.
5. Culture he khitlâh hro lliata palôtlâna/peimawna a pietuhpa a châ (social needs).
6. Culture he y-zie hnei kawpa ta ano liata apôkhana (integration) a hneipa a châ.
7. Culture he chyhsapa hro nata palôrupa palâhâna a châ.
CULTURE RUREIHPA (Components of Culture)
Vidya Bhushan nata D. R. Sachadeva zy ta culture rureihpa he hawhta ama vaw chhopasia.5 He a ry liata pachiahpazy he culture ta a chakaihpa a châ.
1. Culture Trait: Culture reihkah apahlypa chhôh liata taozie eihrâhpa (unit/part)
he culture trait tahpa a châ.
2. Cuture Complex: Culture liata taozie hlupi (unit/parts)apahlypa, apachhaithai
leipa he culture complex tahpa a châ.
3. Culture Pattern: Culture trait nata culture complex apazaona phapa he culture
pattern tahpa a châ.
CULTURE PEIMAWNAZY/ASÔNAZY
Mopakha, chhôhkha nata khitlâh hro nata hmotaona zy liata culture peimawna nata asôna zy he hawhta chhopasiapa a châ.6
1. Culture he chyhsapa hro y zie hneipa ta a taotuhpa châ, (Culture makes man a
human being).
2. Culture he rairuna liata chyhsapa hro a deichhytuhpa (thadana) a châ.
3. Culture he khitlâ hro liata achhôkhana thabypa a châ, (Culture maintains social
relationship).
4. Culture he mopakha hrozie liata hmasiena atlôkheituhpa a châ, (Culture broadens the
outbook of the individual).
5. Culture he khitlâh hro nata hmasiena zy liata hmo/taozie thiepa (new needs/new drives)
atlôkheituhpa a châ.
CULTURE CHHICHÂNAZY
Culture he chyhsapa hnohta Khazopa hmosai piepa rônah ngaitapa a châ. C. N. Shankar Rao ta chyhsapa hro liata culture chhichâna peimawh kawpazy he hawhta a chhopasia.7
1. Culture he a chuchhy theipa a châ, (Culture is learnt).
2. Culture he chyhsapa leipa ta a dua thei vei, (Culture is social).
3. Culture he moto (group) ahly theipa a châ, (Culture is shared).
4. Culture he mohropazy hnohta hlâ/pachu pachhuah theipa a châ,
(Culture is transmissive).
5. Culture he a chalih leipa ta, alaisei lymâpa a châ, (Culture is continuous and
cumulative).
6. Culture he apôkha kawpa nata â-i-cha kawpa a châ, (Culture is consistent and
integrated).
7. Culture he thatlô ngaitapa a châ, (Culture is dynamic).
8. Culture he khitlâh hro liata alyna a châ, (Culture is gratifying).
9. Culture he chyhsapa hrozie-nôcha ataotuhpa a châ, (Culture moulds personality).
Culture he chyhsapa hlata rônah via beih vei. Culture he chyhsapa leipa ta ano dei tata
a duah thei vei. Chyhsapa he culture a phaotuhpa/apatie-palawtuhpa a châ, (Man is the carrier of culture). Reih (language) he culture apabohsatuhpa nata laiseina cha leipa ta, culture a siekheituhpa tlao a châ (Language is the chief vehicle of culture).8
CULTURE HLY-2
Culture he a kôpipa hly-2 ta pachhaihpa chata, ama peimawna zy chhao anano hlei vei.9 Culture hly-2pazy liata pahnopasia leina he culture liata chi nata pho chietlana a châ.
1. Material Culture: Chyhsapa novana nata thaina ta ataopapuapa zydua- chhaichhi chi nanopazy nata chyhsapa kuta a hria papua theipa zydua he material culture tahpa a châ. Pamosana: Dawkho, Khoh, Hleidy, Motor, Tâkô, Seiki, Chysia, Lakho, Dua-âh, Kaohrei, etc. zy he material culture ama châ. Chyhsa ta non-material culture a uasa rai vei khiatala, culture a pasôna nata pasana zy he culture cha vei, hmasiena (civilization) tlao a châ. Chyhsa thokhazy ta culture nata hmasiena (civilization) ama pahlao-pahli tlamaw tyh.
2. Non-Material Culture: Chyhsapa ta a taopapua thai leipa hmo hluhpi, chyhsapa chhôh-lâ hro tawhta a vaw lâ papua pazy, chyhsapa kuta hria thei/thai leipa zydua he non-material culture tahpa a châ. Pamosana: reih, hrozie, ropadyna, phôryhpa, literature etc. Non-material culture liata hmasiena nata laiseina zy he culture liata abona a châ.
CULTURE LAISEINA (CULTURE GROWTH)
Culture laiseina he chi nata pho abona nata laiseina zy liata thliena liamaripa, peimawh ngaita kawpa a châ. Culture laiseina châta chhaichhi thabypazy he hawhta chhopasiapa a châ.10
1. Cultural Diffusion: Khitlâh hro nanopa (society) tawhta culture chhôh lâta taozie/hro
thiepa nata ananopa lâ pangiapa he a châ. Pamosana: Hnaro ao, Lautu, Chhuachhe, Thlaphei, etc.
2. Cultural Invention: Culture chhôh liata taozie athiepa tlyma, anano viapa tlyma,
aphaviapa ta tao papuapa he a châ. Pamosana: Modern Sawlâkia, Alphabet, Lasia (dance), Literature, etc.
Culture chei-ô a hiepatlapa nata ananolaihpa (cultural diffusion) zy he culture hneirôna châta, aphana kao hluhpi y ta, apha leina chhao a y pyly hra. Cultural diffusion a vaw y theina chhâpazy:11
1. Transport & communication liata hmasiena zy vâta;
2. Migration nata zawpi khisana duahmo ananona zy vâta;
3. Chi nata pho pahniepa (thatlôleipa) ama châ pavâta;
4. Khitlah hro liata taozie thiepa peimawhna zy vâta.
References:
1. Ananda Mahanta, Study of Human Culture, Omsons Publications, Guwahati–New
Delhi, 1987, p.19.
2. Ananda Mahanta, abid.
3. Bierst Robert, The Social Order, p.106.
4. S. Kapila, A Text Book of Sociology, Jalandhar, 2008, pp. 59-60.
5. Vidya Bhushan & D. R. Sachadeva, An Introduction to Sociology, Allahabad, 2011,
pp.783-784.
6. S. Kapila, op.cit. pp. 69-70.
7. C.N. Shankar Rao, Sociology, New Delhi, 2011, pp.190-192.
8. S. Kapila, op.cit. p. 60.
9. P. B. Kar, Sociology, Kolkata, 2009, p. 44.
10. C.N. Shankar Rao, op.cit. pp. 196-197.
11. S. Kapila, op.cit. p. 65.
