Mara chi nata pho he hlano daihti tawhta mohchho nanopa – ‘Zao,’ ‘Tlôsai’, ‘Sendu’, ‘Lakher,’ nata ‘Mara,’ tahpazy hmâpata pahnopa ama châ. Mara chi nata pho châna palâhâna nata reihpasiana châta châbu rohtuhpa thokha ta he mohchho nanopazy he ama vaw hmâ lymâ. India nata Myanmar râh likawh liata tlârâh liata a pahrâpa chyhsazy thâtih rona châbu History chi nanopa zy liata he mohchho nanopa zy he palâsapa a châ. He a ry liata palâsapa reihka zy he Mara chi nata pho châta mohchho ngiatlâh viapazy ama châ.
1. Zao :
Thlâtlâh – Hiakha (Chins) chyhsazy ta Mara chi nata pho he ‘Zao’ tahpata ama vaw pahno . 1 He reihka :Zao’ he châbu rotuhpazy ta Mara chi nata pho mohchho châta ama vaw hmâ . Châ rotuhpa thokha zy ta Mara chi nata pho he ‘Zou” tahpa ta ama vaw roh pyly hra. 2 He mohchho “Zou” thaotôna deikua a eihrâh pata a laichadai byuhpa châta, bie nata hla âkhiakhi kawpa a châ.Châ rotuhpazy ta “Zou” he Chin reih “Zo” tawhta âvypa hawhta ama chhopasia hra. 3 He reihka “Zo” Mara reih ta “Zyu” tahpa châta, cha y zie cha; “tlârâh” , “atu râh” tahna a châ. 4 “Zao”, “Zou” “Zho”, “Zo,” mohchho zy he Hiakha ti nata râh (Haka subdivision) chhôh liata Mara chi nata pho apahrâpazy mohchho châta; Thlâtlâ – Hiakha (Chins chysazy ta Mara chi nata pho awna châta ama vaw hmâ lymâ tyh. G.A. Grierson saina liata cha “Zao” he chin reihka châta, Mara chi nata pho mohchho do ngaitapa a châ tahpa ta a reih. He saina zie he J. Shakespear ta âvaw pyhkhei pyly hra. 6 Mara chyhsazy heta âmo sasyhh ta “Zao”, “Zyu” tahpa reikah he awna châta hmâ hlei vei ei. Thlâtlâ- Hiakha (Chins) chyhsa zy ta Mara chi nata pho he “Zao”, Zochhia” tahpa ta ama vaw aw tyh.7
2. Tlôsai:
Tlôsai tahpa reikah he Mara chi nata pho chhôhkha liata a chiah mia-1 reina hawhta hmâpa a châ. Tlôsai he Mara chi nata pho châna palâhâhna châta mohchho alâlao kawpa nata reihkah a hlô kawpa a châ.Châ rotuhpa thokhazy ta he mohchho he Mara chi nata pho Mawrah chho, hiakha notla nata Arkan mawla rah liata apahrâpazy awna châta ama vaw hmâh. ‘Tlôsai’ tahpa mochho he chei-ô nanopa ta palâsapa a châ pyly hra. Chazy cha: ‘Tlongsai’, ‘Khongsai’, ‘Khawngshai’, ‘Khongia”, Khongsai’, ‘Khongzai’ 8 He reihkah ‘Tlosai’ he ‘Khaungse’ nata azaona a hneipa châta, ‘Kaungse’ he Burmese reina zie ta ‘Khonjai’ châta, ‘Khonjai’ he ‘Kuki’ chi nata pho awna mohchho châta hmâpa a châ pyly hra.”Chuksads” chi nata pho he thandous chhôhkha (chi nata pho) ama châ,a mohchho he British châ rohpazy liata ‘kaungse’ tahpa ta palâsapa a châta. ‘Kaungse’ reihkah he ‘Baungshe’ tahpa ta thokhazy liata palâsapa a châ. 9
‘Tlôsai’ mohchhoh he Arkan maw lâta apahrâpa mara chi nata pho awna châta hmâpa châta; he mohchho he Thado-Haokip chi nata pho zy ta Kuki chyhsazy awna châta, ‘ Khongzai’ tahpa ta ama vaw hmâh pyly hra. He mohchho he Meitei “Khongjai’ chi nata pho reina châta reihkah âlâlaoh kawpa a châ. 10 Châ rotuhpa thokhazy ta “khongshai”, “Khongshai”, “ Khongjai’ zy he tlârâh chyhsa mohchho (Kukis) châta ama vaw hmâh pyly hra .11 A.G. Mc Call ta ‘Tlôsai”,he Mara chi nata pho awna châta mochho âlâlaoh kawpa a châ tahpa a reih.12 He a chô liata palâsapazy khaina tawhta “Tlôsai” he Mara chi nata pho mochho thabypa a châ. “Tlôsai” reikah he Mara chi nata pho tawhta â vaw thaopa châ leipa ta, Burmese reikah “Kaungshe”, “Khongjai” tawhta â vypa a châ, “kaungshe”, “Khongjai”he a hly khupa tlârâh chyhsazy reipasiana châta mochho a lalaoh kawpa a châ.
3. Shendu
“Shendu” he Mara chi nata pho awna chata mohchho âlâlaoh kawpa North East India nata Chin Hills History chabu zy liata palâsapa a châ. He Mohchho he Mara chi nata pho Arakan maw nata Chitagong râri liata apahrâpazy mohchho châta hmâpa a châ. Châ rohtuhpa thokhazy ta Shendu he Mara chi nata pho Mawrah chho lâ nata Arakan maw lâ râh liata apahrâpazy mohchho a châ hra tahpata ama vaw reipasia hra . Chabu nanopa zy liata “Shendu” mohchho he roh zie chi nanopa ta palâsapa a châ “ Shandu” “Sandu”, “Shendu” “Shandoo”, “Shindu”, “Shindoo”, Tseindu “ Shendu” mohchho he “ Heima, Lakher” nata “Mara “ zy nata apazaona ama hnei. British châ rohtupa thokhazy ta “Shendu” he Mara chi nata pho cha palâhâna châta mohchho thabypa a cha tahpa ta ama reih.
“Sandu” “Shandu”, Shendu” mohchho he Mongyu reihkah he Khumi reih “Samtu” (Sam=sa; tu=tô) tawhta a vypa châta, cha yzie cha “ama hmia lâta sâtô âchahryhpa” tahna a cha. Châ rohtuhpa thokhazy ta “Shendu” he Sentu” tawhta âvypa a châ tahpa ta ama reih. Mara chi nata pho he Khumi , Rakhai nata Matu zy ta “Sentu”tahpa ta ama vaw pahno hra. “Sentu” he Mara bei riahphapa “Siathyu” moh bihnâpa châta Lusei reihta “Sentunga” tahpa a cha. Mara chi nata pho he Khumi , Rakhai nata Matu chyhsazy ta “Shendu” “ Sentu tahpa ta ama vaw pahno hra “ Sentu” he Mara abei riaphapa : Siathyu” moh biehnapa chata, Rakhai nata Matu chyhsazy ta “Shendu” “ Sentu” tahpa ta ama vaw pahno hra. Chariah – chakeih liata achahra-charôh kawpa chi nata pho ama châpa vâta achâ.
He a chô liata palâsapa tawhta bie siapa â vaw lâpa cha he he a châ. British chyhsa hmiatuapa zy ta Khumi , Rakhai nata Matu chyhsazy reihkah “Shendu” ahlykheina chôta, Mara he “Shendu” tahpa ta ama vaw aw hra. Kô zabi 19- na (1800-1900), daihti hmiatuapa lâ tawhta Mongyuh chyhsazy ta Mara chi nata pho he “Shendu” tahpa ta ama vaw aw. Hopkinson ta ko 1830-1851 chhôh ta Chittagong râhri chhôh liata buana ataotuhpa zy he “Shendu” chi nata pho ama châ tahpa ta aroh hra
“Shendus” tahpa mohchho he Burmese nata Yaws (Upper Mynmmar) zy ta “Baungshe” tahpa ta ama vaw pahno. “Baungshe” mohchho y zie cha: “ hmia liata poh pathliapa” tahna a cha, (baung/pawng-poh athliahpa; she-hmia liata). Tlârâh chyhsa zy (Chins) he ama hrôtô âsyhpa ama châpa vâta he ama mohchho he “ baungshe “ tahpa ta pahnopa” he Mara chi nata A.P).Phayre ta ko 1841 pata cha roh cha roh ta, a cha ropa liata Tseindus mohchho pahlyhpa chhoh liata pho mia 12 palâsapazy he N.E.Parry ta cha” Shendus” mohchho reipasia ta, “ Shendus” nata Heima he chi nata pho chhôhkhapa ama châ” tahpa ta a reihpasia hra,22 “Shendus” tahpa mohchho apalâsapazy he Heima reih a châ pyly. “ Heima”he Zyhno nata âchhôhkhapa chi nata pho a cha. Greenstreet chhaota “Shendus” mohchho hmâpata Mara chi nata pho lyuri-bâkhâh reipasia ta, hezy he “Shendu” mohchho ta a pahlypazy ama cha. Heima, Lialai, Ngiaphia, Saby nata Zyhno zy ama cha. Châ rohtuhpa thokhazy “Shendu” “Mara” nata “Lakher” zy he “Mara” mohchho thabyhpa a châ” tahpa ta ama reih. George Fruishank ta “Shendu he Lakher chi nata pho mohchho a cha” tahpa ta a reih. George Fruishank pyly ta Shendu reih thokhazy roh ta, a bie nata hla rohpazy he “Heima” reih a cha. He bie nata hla thabyhpa he Whitehand chhaota apykheina a vaw palâhâh hra. Rev. Dr. Hminga ta “Shandu” nata “Mara” mohchho amâ chhôhkhana he hawta a vaw palâsa hra: Shandu-Shendu-Lakher-Mara.
4. Lakher
Mara chi nata pho he hlano daihti tawhta “ Lakher” tahpa ta pahnopa ama châ pyly hra “ Lakher” tahpa mohchho he rona zie nanopazy he hawhta palâsapa a châ. Lakheyr , Lengkhe, Lokheyr, he mohchhozy he chabu chi nanopazy liata palâsapa a cha. Athaona deikua a khiakhi kaw ta, he mohchho zy he pho hropa zy ta ama vaw pathao-patôpa tlao a châ. Lakher’ reihkah he mohchho nanopa rozie nata chei –ô chi nanopa zy tawhta a vaw lâlaopa a châ. A.P.Phayre ta kô 1841 pa liata châ roh ta, a châ ropa liata “Lungkhe” he Mara chi nata pho mohchho hawhta palâsa ta, “Lungkhe” chyhsazy he kô hluhpi a khôpa liata Raitlâh (Mephrutung hills) liata khih nata tlâh hneipa ta apahrâpa chyhsazy ama châ. G.E Freyer ta “Lungkhe nata Shendu he a chhôhkha kawpa ama châ” tahpa a reih hra. Châ rohtuhpa thokhazy ta “ ‘Lakher’ mohchho he “Lungkhe nata Lankhe” tawhta â vypa a châ” tahpa ta ama reih hra.
H.R. Spearman ta “Lengkhe” he Arakan maw lâta a pahrâpa chi nata pho ama tahpa ta a reih. “: Lengkhe” Heima nata shendu mohchho atyuhniepazy he chi nata pho â chhôhkha kawpa zy ama châ. N.E Parrry chhaota “ Lankhe nata “Laungkhe” mohchho zy he âchhôkha kawpa Mara chi nata pho mohchho a cha” tahpa ta areih. A. Mackenzie ta Burmese mohchho “Lankhe” he “Shendu” reihka nata a chhohkha kawpa a cha” tahpa ta a reih.
Châ rohtuhpa thokhazy ta “Lakher” Mara chi nata pho mohchho, Lusei reihka tawhta a vypa a cha” tahpa ta ama reih “Lusei chi nata pho Mara reih ta “Tlaikao” tahpa a cha. Lakher” he “Lusei” reikah a cha. “Lakher” mohchho yzie cha” ‘ Pala a khiepa’ (la-pala; kher – khie) tahna a cha. Lakher thaotôna kyh he hawhta palâsapa a cha. Luseipa heta Mara chanô pala a khiepa hmô ta, chavâta he mohchho he Mara chi nata pho bihnâpa a vaw cha. Burmese reihkah “Lankhe”khaina tawhta Mara he ‘Lakher’ tahpa ta pahnopa a châ thei
He a chô liata reipasiana tawhta bie nata hla â vaw lâpa cha he he a cha. “ Lakher” tahpa mohchho he lusei reikah a chataraw pata , a thaby viapa cha- Lakher’ “Lengkhe” “ Lungkhe” zy he a cha, he mohchho zy he Mara chi nata pho ta atyuhniepa zy a cha pyly. British cha rohtuhpazy ta “ Lakher” he Mara chi nata pho Mawrah chhoh lâ râh nata Myanmar râhri nata a chheihpâh râh liata a pahrâpazy mohchho châta ama vaw hmâpa a châ. Lakher he a mohchho nata a reipapuana kyh liata khichhaipa reihka a châ. R.A .Lorrain ta he hawhta a reih: “Lakher he Mara chi nata pho a cha. “Mara” tahpa he Mara chyhsazy awna châta (amo reihka) mohchho thabypa nata reikah uthei kawpa a châ
5. Mara
“Mara” mohchho he reihkah âhlô kawpa , hlano daihti tawhta moh âlâlao ngaita kawpa a châ. Mara phôhpa- lânô zy (folk songs, folk stories, traditions) liata reihkah hmâ lyma pa achâ. Mara hla hlôpa (folk songs) liata he hawhta palâsapa a châ.
“Mara Lakyumainô
Nachha seihei (sei chaori) na thy baola”
Cha rohtuhpa thokhazy ta “Mara” he ‘Ma’ nata “Ra” apahlypakhypa reihkah a châ tahpa ta ama vaw chhopasia hra. Mara chi nata pho he ma nata chhao (lapinô mâ) liata apa-ia pathaw kawpa ama châ. “Mara” y zie cha “ Mâ nata chhao a haw tiama pa tlyma ma nata chhao apa-ia-pathawpa” tahna tlyma a cha (mâ-lapino mâ; ra-haw/hiah tiamapa). Matheih ta he hawhta a reih. Mara chi nata pho he mâ nata chhao liata a pa-ia-pathaw kawpa ama châpa vâta chyhsazy ta “Mara” tahpa mohchho hmapa ta ama vaw pahno. Hakathlatla chyhsazy (Haka-Chins) ta “Mara” he “Miram” tahpa ta ama vaw pahno pyly hra, cha y zie cha : chho chyhsa tahna a cha.
Cha a rohtuhpa thokhazy ta “ Mara mohchho he “Maerah” “Ramawh rah” (Hiakha reihkah – “ mauram “ tawhta a vypa a cha tahpa ta ama reih hra. “ Mawrah (Mauram) he Hiakha reikah tawhta a vypa chata, cha y zie cha “ Ramaw rah-bamboo land’ tahna a cha.( mau-ramaw; rah/ ram pahrana rah) . Mara chi nata pho he nie nata baw rairuna zy , charia chichhina zy vata pahrana su a pasiesai laipa ama cha. Chavata ama thaotona cha. Lai-u Fachhai ta Mara chi nata pho he “ chho rah su pha viapa liata apahra penawh tahpa a vaw chhopasia hra. Mawrah (Mizoram) chho nata Mynmar rari nata a chheipah liata apahrapa Mara chi nata pho zy pahrana rah he “ Mara rah” (Malia-rah) tahpa a cha. Mara rah he Mongyu reihta Lakherland tahpa a cha. Cha ti nata rah liata apahrapa chyhsazy cha “ Mara” tahpa ama cha.
Endnotes :
1. G.A Gierson : The Linguistic Survey of India, Vol 1.1, Part 1 Culcutta, 1927. P 75
2. B.B. Goswami : The Mizo unrest A Study of Particularization of Culture, Jaipur, 1979, P.59
Also G.A, Grierson : The Linguistic Survey of India, Vol, 111, Part 111, Delhi, Reprint, 1967, p,126
3. G.A. Grierson : loc.cit.
4. R.A Lorrain : Grammer and Dictionary of Lakher or Mara language, Guwahati, 1951, p,368
5. G.A. Grierson : The Linguistic Survey of India, Vol 111, Part 111, Delhi,
Reprint, 1967, p,475
6. J.Shaepeare : Lushai-Kuki Clans, New Delhi, Reprint, 1983, p,213
7. K.Mara : Mara phopa nata ryhpazy (Mara Folklores) Saiha, 2007, 0.3
8. B.B.Goswami : ibid, p59, Also John Whitehand: Far frontier People and Events in the North -East India, London, 1989,p,199
9. B.S.Carey & H.N.Tuck : The Chin Hills, Vol.Culcutta, Reprint, 1976, p.4
10. Williams Shaw : Thadou-Kukis, Government of Assam, 1929,0.11; Also Frank M.Lebar, Gerald Hickey : Ethnic Groups of Mainland South Asia, New Haven, 1964,p.50
11. B.S.Carey & H.N.Tuck : ibid p.135
12. A.G.MacCall : Lushai Chrysallis, London, 1949,p.201
13. R.H.S. Hutcinson : An Account of Chitagong Hill Tracts, Calcutta, 1906, p.5.Also N.E Parry : The Lakhers, Culcutta, Reprint, 1976,p7
14. A.Mackenzie : North-East Frontier India, Reprint, New Delhi, p.330
15. John Whitehand : ibid p.6, Also H.R.Spearman : British Burma Gazetter, Vol.1, Rangoon, 1880, p.185
16. M.Vachei Chozah : ‘Mara “ Mara Deiva, MSA Bulletin, 6th Issue (1986-1987)
1987.,p.17
17. K.Mara : ibid, p.2
18. A.Mackenzie : ibid, p.2
19. G.E.R. Brown : Gazetter of Northern Arakan District, Rangoon, 1960,p.17
20. B.S.Carey & H.NTuck : ibid.p.4
21. A.P.Arthur : Account of Arakan, JASB, No.17,1841
22. S.R.Tickell : otes on the Heuma or Shendoos, JASB, No.111,1852
23. Report on Chin Lushai 1892, No.52
24. George Fruishank : The Hill Tracts of Chitagong and Dwellers therein, London, 1885,p.115
25. C.L.Hminga : The Life and Witness of the Churches in Mizoram, Bombay, 1987,p. xix
26. A.P.Arthur : loc,cit
27. N.E.Parry : ibid,p.5
28. G.E.Fryer : On the Khyeng people of Sandoway of Arakan, JASB, Part 1, 1875
29. H.R.Spearman : ibid,p.6
30. N.E.Parry : ibid , p.6
31. A.Mackenzie : ibid, p.332
32. B.Lalthangliana : History of Mizo in Burma, Aizawl, 1975,p.70
33. Lai-u Fachhai : Maraland Warlike land to Missionary Church, MS
34. S.S. Chib : This Beatiful India, 1977.p.118
35. R.A.Lorrain : ibid, p.1
36. Pachi Hlychho : Mara nata Hlazy, Guwahati, 1992,p.148
37. M.Vachei Chozah : ibid,p.18
38. M.Vachei Chozah:ibid,p.19
39. K.Mara :ibid,p.3,Also C.Haoko : Hlano Mara History,1970,p.4
40. M.Vachei Chozah: ibid,p.19
41. M.Vachei Chozah:loc.cit
42. Lai-u Fachhai: The Maras from Warriors to Missionaries, Bangalore,1994, p.1
43. K.Zohra:Mara Customary Laws and Practices, MSS, Also Mylai Hlychho Mara History, Aizawl, Reprint,2008,1972,p.1.
