MARA CHITHÂTIH PAHNO THEINA KAOZY
(SOURCES OF MARA HISTORY)
Laiu Fachhai
BIEHMIA
Chithâtih (history) rona dâh he athaipazy ta historiography (the art of writing history) tah ei ta, cha yzie cha hehawhta a châ: Zakha liata zakha adopa chithâtih (100 percent factual history) y thei vei. Achhâpa cha chithâtih zydua he daihti nata thâtih a khô ha chiehpa kha a hnôhlâ pita ropa a châ tyh vata. Chavata chithâtih ro ti heta rohtuhpazy ta ama tao chaipa cha phôhpazy (stories, legends, myths), hlazy (songs), lâzy (dances), bieso nata machâ biezy (proverbs and wise sayings), hmo tluatlâhpa a ypazy (significant events) zy nata ropa ta chithâtih a y chiehpazy (written history) chhopasiana (interpretation), chhopasia heihna (re-interpretation) nata chhopasia via heihna (re-re-interpretation) tlâ a châ, ama tah. Mara chithâtih ro tita chhao hehe eima ro dâh nawpa cha châ hra ta, rohtuhpa hluhpi ta he tlai he ama tao hrapa ta â lâ.
Marâhpasawzy pi he phopi rôhnahpa pa nata pho hlôpa eima vaw châ tlai na tahpa cha chhâ zydua ta eima vaw hnei lymapa nata vaw hmâ lymapa eima reih (language), eima phoryhpa (culture), eima zyna (religion; in this case, Mara Traditional Religion), eima chithâtih (history), nata eima râh eihpa hneipa (land) zy heta a sia ngaitapa ta a palâsa. Reih, phoryhpa, zyna, chithâtih nata râh zy he a zao khai ha ei ta, chavata hezy he sâkha sâkha ta eima pahlei laih lymâ khiata cha eima Marapa châna chhao eima pahlei laih lymâ aw, tahna a châ. He châbie (article) ta â nuapa deikua he Mara Chithâtih (Mara History) lâ chhâh châ via chai ta; cha eima chithâtih hmô thei awpa nata pahno thei awpa ta a yna kao (sources) zy eima lapakhy aw.
Marâ chithâtih he ahlôpi ta kao palih tawhta hmô theipa châ ta; chazy cha a sâkhana ta achhopachhuah laihpa bie nata hlazy (oral tradition) tawhta châ ta, a sânona ta ropa biezy (written documents) tawhta châ heih ta, a sâthôhna ta Marapa chhaichhi hmobyuh (Mara artifacts) tawhta Mara chithâtih a pahno thei hra ta, a sâpalihna ta hlâno ta khihsa tôhtu dâh thaopapuana (archeology) tawhta hmô theipa nata pahno theipa a châ hra.
- A. ACHHOPACHHUAH LAIHPA BIE NATA HLAZY (Oral Tradition)
He ary liata palâsapa, achhopachhuah laihpa phôhpa nata bie nata hla zy tawhta Mara chithâtih hluhpi â pahno thei.
- Hlazy (poetic songs or classical Mara songs) (Awhkhypa Hla, Nawh Hla, etc)
- Chaphôhtunazy (lamentations)
- Phôhpazy (stories, legends and myths)
- Biesozy nata machâ biezy (proverbs and wise sayings)
- Thaokeina (thaotôna) thâtihzy (genealogies), a eihpachaipa ta ryureihtuhpa beizy thaokeina nata amâ beina râh thâtihzy
- Hmo tluatlâhpa thâtihzy (significant events) – adyuhna, tilaipa, etc zy
- Khih nata râh, chavah-chahaoh, tlâh nata by, thokô-râhkô, etc mohchhozy nata ama yziezy.
Atanoh ropa ta eima hneipa Mara chithâtihzy he ahmiatua ta cha achhohpachhuah laihpa bie nata hlazy tawhta lapa ama châ hra. Khito liata he achô liata palâsapa thâtihzy lâchhâh ta a pahâh kawpa nata a pahno kawpazy y chyu ei ta, chazy cha a pakyh ta châ athaipazy ta a ropa cheingei ta tlyma, ao record ta tlyma so awpa daihti a tlô haw. Chataleipata cha chhâ thiehpa a vaw tlô awpa liata chahawhta a pahnopa y khao leipa aw ei ta, Mara chithâtih pahno theina kao nata hnawh sôh ngaitapazy eima pahlei ha aw. Hehawhta achhopachhuah laihpa biezy nata hlazy he ropa ta so thei awpa ta, MADC ta hmah la via lyma sa la, sôh lâchhâh chhao budget pha kawpa tao thei sa la a pha aw.
B. ROPA BIE NATA HLAZY (Written Documents)
Mara chithâtih rona bie nata hlazy he châbu nata article-zy liata hmô via chai pi ta, chaleipa chhaota sawhkhâ nata py record buzy, archive-zy, muséum-zy, artéfact-zy nata archeology zy tawh chhaota pahno theipa ama châ hra.
1. Châbu nata châbie (article-zy)
Mara chithâtih he athaipazy ta ama ropa hmô awpa a hluh kaw bâ. Khizaw liata maluh chyh kawpa chipho hry liata ama chithâtih ropa ta a hnei hluh chaipa chi kha eima châ hra thlyu aw. He Mara chithâtih rona châbu, châbie nata hlazy he eima paso thai awpa â ngiah ngaita kaw. Thokha cha ama ro dâh a do tu leipa tlyma, hiakha lâ saita a hei tupa tlyma, bie ropa rei tlâh a châ tu leipa tlyma ama y thei aw. A kheihhawhpa rai a châpa chhaota, eima chithâtih ropa ta a yna châbu, châbie nata hla zy ama châ va hrahro ta paso kaw sai si la, a byuh khiata cha “reipapha padona” (constructive correction) deikua hnei lymâ si la, hmahsie viana maniah a tlôkhei aw.
Châbu tlyma châbie tlyma ro tita, a reih awpa (audience) zy pachâpa ta popular reading (chyhsa ahyrai ta rei thei awpa) nata academic reading (châ athaipazy rei via awpa) tahpa ta pachhaihpa châ ta. Academic reading châta ropazy he cha university research methodology hmâpa ta ropa châ ta, popular reading deikua he cha phôhpa hawh rô ta, zawpi-vatlâhzy rei thei awpa ta ropazy ama châ. He ro dâh sâno penawh ananona he ado viana nata ado lei viana tahpa kao ta châ hlei vei. Ro dâh (approach or methodology) kyh tlao â nua via chai. A sâno lâh heta source tlohpa nata sôh kawpa ama châ khai. Atanoh ta Mara reih ta eima hneipa Mara chithâtihzy he Mara reih ta research tao theina university zy a y mâh leipa vata, academic reading châta ropa hlu tu mâh vei; popular reading châta ropazy ama châ via chai. (Mara reih, Maw reih nata Mongyuh reih ta ropa, Mara chithâtih châbuzy, recordzy nata artifact-zy hmô thei awpata a ynazy cha achhâna lâta appendix liata palâsapa ama châ.).
2. Record nata Archive-zy
Mara chithâtih thokha cha record parohpazy nata hmoparohpa pasona (archive) zy tawhta hmô theipa châ hrata, he ary liata palâsapa suzy nata su hropazy liata chhao tlua lyma thei awpa a châ.
a. Assam Secretariate Record, Dispur:
- Secretariate Proceedings Political – A 1906-1924.
- Annual Report on Administration of Lushai Hills 1902-1920.
- Annual Report on the Natives and Frontier Tribes of Assam 1898-1920.
- Orders, Notifications, etc. issued/received from miscellaneous quarters 1930-1938.
b. Lakher Pioneer Mission Record, Saikao: A eihpachaipa ta 1910, 1930, 1934, 1935, 1944, 1946, 1949, 1957, 1962, 1964 kôzy liata papuapa newsletters tawhta Mara chithâtih khazie rakha ma hmô theipa a châ.
c. Mara Autonomous District Council Records, Siaha: A eihpachaipa ta Census Records, Notifications and Letters, Memorandums zy liata Mara chithâtih kao nano kao nanopa ta palâsapa ama châ…
d. National Museum and Archives. New Delhi, Guwahati, Shillong, Kolkata nata Aizawl museum-zy tawhta khazie rakhama Mara chithâtih hmô thei awpa châ ta, Rangoon liata National Museum and Archive tawh chhaota hmô theipa a châ hra aw.
e. Census of India and Myanmar Series: He he Mara chithâtih hmô theina hnawh (source) peimawh kawpa a châ..
f. Magazines, Souvenirs and edited works by associations and churches in Maraland: Hezy tawhna heta ara chithâtih kao nano kao nanopa ta ropa hmô theipa a châ.
g. Manuscripts: Chhuh papua leipa châbu nata châbie thokhazy tawhta Mara chithâtih sôh kawpa, eima pahno ngai leipazy chhao pahno theipa ama châ hra..
C. ARTIFACTS
Marapa ta eima vaw hneipa nata vaw hmâ tyhpa hmobyuhzy tawhta Mara chithâtih hluhpi pahno theipa a châ hra. Chavata he Mara artifacts zydua he MADC ta â ki kawpa ta archive liata a so ha awpa a peimawh ngaita kaw. Appendix liata London khihpi liata British Museum nata Archive hnohta eima missionaryzy ta ama vaw piepa Mara artifacts zy palâsapa châ ei ta, thokha deikua he written documents ry liata a hlao hra awpa châ taraw ei ta, ama yna su â lyupa vata hmaokhaota eima vaw palâsa.
D. ARCHEOLOGY
Atanoh khizaw thaina a vaw sâh laih ta, archeology thaina tawhta hlâno ta chithâtih hluhpi pahno theipa a châ ha ba. Archeology raihria he, hlâno ta khih rypazy, thlâ rypazy nata su peimawhpazy chao ta hlâno ta hmobyuh (artifacts), reih nata hmo hropazy thaopapua ta achuna rai a châ. Thaopapuapa ama châ khai tawhta athaipazy ta thata a chu ei ta, a hmâna, a tao dâh nata kô zy amâ laichadai. Maraland liana chhao heta khih rypa nata thlâ rypazy chao papua awpa ama hluh kaw. Hezy tawhtna heta eima chithâtih khazie rakhama â pahno thei aw. Archeology raihria he eima râh liata a thao mâh leipa châ ta, hehe a pathaona dâh pachâ ti â daih habapa ta â lâ.
E. BIEKHAW
Mara chithâtih he chi hropazy ta ama ropa hlâta keimo Marapasaw cheingei ta eima ropazy he â do chai aw. Chavata Marapasaw historianzy cheingei ta research thata tao ei sala, eima chi thâtih he â kichai kawpata maniah ropa thei haba ei sala tahpa he moto aoh khopa a châ ha ba. Hehawhta chithâtih research tao ta ro tita deikua, Nochhi Mararâh (East Maraland) nata Notla Mararâh (West Maraland) zy hmona dâh (finding) zy paryh-patlâh (synchronize) lyma awpa a peimawh kaw aw. Chataleipata cha a lyu leipa eima chithâtih sâno sâthôh pua thei aw ta, eima reih hmâ dâh chhao a vaw nano lai lyma aw ta, eimâ hla via laih lyma aw. Khizaw liata Marapa a y chhôhpa he keimo nochhi (Burma) nata notla (India) liata a ypa Marapasawzy he tlâ châ bâ pi ta, chavata keimo nata keimo ta eimâ pasô leipa nata cheihchalo lei khiata cha maniah a pasô awpa nata cheihchalo tuh awpa hropa hnei mapi. Eima chithâtih sâkha hnei lymapa nata reih kha chei lymapa heta maniah papôhkhasa lyma aw ta, keimo nata keimo a tlaichhaina chhao a lai via laih lyma aw. Cha ta, khizaw liata phopi rôhnahpa nata laipa sâkha eima châ pazao lyma aw.
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APPENDIX
1. Mara chithâtih châbu nata châbie (article) zy:
He ary liata palâsapazy he Mara chithâtih eihpa rona nata Mara chithâtih a rakhapa ta â hlao hrana châbu nata châbiezy, he rohtuhpa ta a pahno thei chhôhpazy châ ei ta, hezy leipa ta ahropa a pahno viapazy eima y khiata cha baichhi via lyma theipa châ sala a pha aw.
Mara chithâtih ropa thokha he cha ano châbu/châbie cheingei (primary source) ta hmô thei awpa châ khao vei. Chavata secondary source (primary source ta a reipachhuahpa) tawhta tlyma, tertiary source (primary source ta a reipachhuahpa secondary source ta a reipachhuah heihpa) zy tawhta tlyma lapazy ama châ. Ropa ta hmô theipa Mara chithâtihzy he kao no ta pachhaih si la. A kao khana châta châbu nata châbie zy châ ei sala, a kao nona liata recordzy nata hlâno ta hmo pasona archive-zy tawhta hmô theipazy eima soh aw. A kao khana, ropa ta hmô theipazy he kao no ta pachhaih pachhuah heih aw pi ta – Mara reih, Maw (Mizo) reih nata Lai reih zy ta ropazy nata Monyuh reih (English) ta ropazy, tahpa ta.
Mara chithâtih rona châbu nata châbie zy patlâh nawpa dâh (bibliography) deikua Harvard Reference System zipa ta hehawhta taopa a châ: rohtuhpa pho moh, rohtuhpa moh nata rona kô. châbu/châbie moh (biepipa). papuana su: papuatuhpa. He ary liata palâsapa thokha he internet liata chhaota hmô theipa châ ha ba ei ta, internet he Mara chithâtih hmô theina hnawh (source) sâkha a tloh haba hrapa a châ.
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2. ARTIFACTS AND DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE MARA PEOPLE PRESERVED AS THE LAKHER PIONEER MISSION ARCHIVE AT
THE BRITISH LIBRARY, LONDON (Credit: Sasa & www.maraland.net)
a. Papers of the Lakher Pioneer Mission to the Lakher (or Mara) people of the South Lushai Hills: principally papers of its founder Reginald Lorrain (1880-1944), and other missionary members of his family:
| Correspondence and papers | ||
| (i) Family correspondence | 1-34 | |
| (ii) Correspondence and papers of the Schove family | 35-37 | |
| (iii) Correspondence and papers of Miss Ellen (‘Nellie’) Fife, UK Secretary and Treasurer of the Lakher Pioneer Mission, 1949-61 | 38-47 | |
| (iv) Correspondence and papers of George L Thompson, UK Secretary of the Lakher Pioneer Mission, 1970-77 | 48-49 | |
| (v) Correspondence and papers of Ian Bowman [formerly MSS Eur D 914] | 50-53 | |
| (vi) Diaries of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | 54-101 | |
| (vii) Financial papers (United Kingdom account) | 102-110 | |
| (viii) Other correspondence and papers | 111-118 | |
| Printed and published material | ||
| (i) Lakher books and translations by Reginald Lorrain and Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | 119-141 | |
| (ii) Books and periodicals in English | 142-150 | |
| (iii) Other printed material | 151-154 | |
| (iv) Maps | 155-156 | |
| Photographs and other audio-visual material | ||
| (i) Negatives | 157-160 | |
| (ii) Prints | 161-198 | |
| (iii) Slides | 199-210 | |
| (iv) Other visual material | 211-216 | |
| (v) Tape recordings | 217-219 | |
| Lakher artifacts | 220-247 | |
| Miscellaneous | 248 |
b. Lakher Pioneer Mission: correspondence of the Foxall and Lorrain-Foxall families
| 1 | Letters from [Albert] Bruce Foxall to his parents Mr and Mrs Foxall of Bridgnorth, Shropshire | 1929 [fragment only], 1931 |
| 2 | Letters from [Albert] Bruce Foxall to his parents Mr and Mrs Foxall of Bridgnorth, Shropshire | 1932 |
| 3 | Letters from [Albert] Bruce Foxall to his parents Mr and Mrs Foxall of Bridgnorth, Shropshire | 1933 |
| 4 | Letters from [Albert] Bruce Foxall to his parents Mr and Mrs Foxall of Bridgnorth, Shropshire | Jan-Apr 1934 |
| 5 | Letters from Bruce and [Louise Marguerite] Tlosai Lorrain-Foxall to Mr and Mrs Foxall | Sep-Dec 1935 |
| 6 | Letters from Bruce and [Louise Marguerite] Tlosai Lorrain-Foxall to Mr and Mrs Foxall | 1936 |
| 7 | Letters from Bruce and [Louise Marguerite] Tlosai Lorrain-Foxall to Mr and Mrs Foxall | 1937 |
| 8 | Letters from Bruce and [Louise Marguerite] Tlosai Lorrain-Foxall to Mr and Mrs Foxall | 1938 |
| 9 | Letters from Bruce and [Louise Marguerite] Tlosai Lorrain-Foxall to Mr and Mrs Foxall | 1939 |
| 10 | Letters from Bruce and [Louise Marguerite] Tlosai Lorrain-Foxall to Mr and Mrs Foxall | 1940 |
| 11 | Letters from Bruce and Tlosai Lorrain-Foxall and their daughter Violet to Mrs Foxall | 1941 |
| 12 | Letters from Bruce, Tlosai and Violet Lorrain-Foxall to Mrs Foxall, her daughter Caroline Hinsley and son-in-law Herbert Hinsley | 1942 |
| 13 | Letters from Bruce, Tlosai and Violet Lorrain-Foxall to Mrs Foxall, her daughter Caroline Hinsley and son-in-law Herbert Hinsley | 1943 |
| 14 | Letters from Bruce, Tlosai and Violet Lorrain-Foxall to Mrs Foxall, her daughter Caroline Hinsley and son-in-law Herbert Hinsley | 1944 |
| 15 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to Mrs Foxall, her daughter Caroline Hinsley and son-in-law Herbert Hinsley | 1945 |
| 16 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to Mrs Foxall, her daughter Caroline Hinsley and son-in-law Herbert Hinsley | 1946 |
| 17 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to Mrs Foxall, her daughter Caroline Hinsley and son-in-law Herbert Hinsley | 1947 |
| 18 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to Mrs Foxall, her daughter Caroline Hinsley and son-in-law Herbert Hinsley | Jan-May 1948 |
| 19 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to Mrs Foxall, her daughter Caroline Hinsley and son-in-law Herbert Hinsley | Sep-Dec 1949 |
| 20 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to Mrs Foxall, her daughter Caroline Hinsley and son-in-law Herbert Hinsley | 1950 |
| [No letters found for 1951] | ||
| 21 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to Mrs Foxall and Mr and Mrs Hinsley | 1952 |
| 22 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to Mrs Foxall and Mr and Mrs Hinsley | 1953 |
| 23 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to his sister and brother-in-law Minnie and Frank Walker of Bridgnorth and to other members of his family | 1954 |
| 24 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to his sister and brother-in-law Minnie and Frank Walker of Bridgnorth and to other members of his family | 1955 |
| 25 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to his sister and brother-in-law Minnie and Frank Walker of Bridgnorth and to other members of his family | 1956 |
| 26 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to his sister and brother-in-law Minnie and Frank Walker of Bridgnorth and to other members of his family | 1957 |
| 27 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to his sister and brother-in-law Minnie and Frank Walker of Bridgnorth and to other members of his family | 1958, 1962-63 |
| 28 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to his sister and brother-in-law Minnie and Frank Walker of Bridgnorth and to other members of his family | 1964 |
| 29 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to his sister and brother-in-law Minnie and Frank Walker of Bridgnorth and to other members of his family | 1965 |
| 30 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to his sister and brother-in-law Minnie and Frank Walker of Bridgnorth and to other members of his family | 1966 |
| Also includes correspondence with the Commonwealth Office and others about the Mizo war and the safety of the Lorrain-Foxall family | ||
| 31 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls to Minnie and Frank Walker and other members of his family | 1967 |
| 32 | Letters from Bruce Lorrain-Foxall, his daughter Violet and her husband Lapi Mark to Minnie and Frank Walker and others | 1968 |
| 33 | Letters from Bruce Lorrain-Foxall, his daughter Violet and her husband Lapi Mark to Minnie and Frank Walker and others | 1969 |
| 34 | Letters from Bruce Lorrain-Foxall, Violet, Lapi Mark and others to Minnie and Frank Walker | 1972-77 |
c. Lakher Pioneer Mission: correspondence and papers of the Schove family [Ada Schove, nee Ulander, was Maud Lorrain's sister]
| 35 | Correspondence and papers of Hans and Ada Schove, including letters from Bruce, Tlosai and Violet Lorrain-Foxall, notes and cuttings on the history of the Lakher Pioneer Mission | 1945-75 |
| 36 | The Lakher Pioneer | 1957-77 [incomplete] |
| 37 | Photographs of the Lorrain and Lorrain-Foxall family and of Lakher scenes; most are duplicates of photographs found elsewhere in the collection | c1920-70 |
d. Lakher Pioneer Mission: correspondence and papers of Miss Ellen (‘Nellie’) Fife, UK Secretary and Treasurer 1949-61:
| 38 | Letters from Maud Lorrain and the Lorrain-Foxalls | 1952-55 |
| 39 | Letters from Maud Lorrain and the Lorrain-Foxalls | 1956-57 |
| 40 | Letters from Maud Lorrain and the Lorrain-Foxalls | 1958-59 |
| 41 | Letters from Maud Lorrain and the Lorrain-Foxalls | 1960-61 |
| 42 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls | 1962-63 |
| 43 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls | 1964-66 |
| 44 | Letters from the Lorrain-Foxalls and Lapi Mark | 1967-70 |
| 45 | Correspondence and papers concerning the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Mission | 1957 |
| 46 | Other correspondence of Ellen Fife: letters date mainly from 1960 and relate to fund-raising and to the death of Maud Lorrain | 1944; 1952-60 |
| 47 | Letters from Alfred H F Hinsley and others concerning his taking over the secretaryship of the Mission | 1961-63 |
Lakher Pioneer Mission: correspondence and papers of George L Thompson, UK Secretary 1970-77
| 48 | File of correspondence, cuttings and other papers including letters from Bruce Lorrain-Foxall and correspondence with the Mara Independent Evangelical Church concerning the dispute over the status of the Lakher Pioneer Mission and its missionaries | 1970-77 |
| 49 | The Lakher Pioneer | 1944-77 [incomplete] |
e. Lakher Pioneer Mission: correspondence and papers of Ian Bowman
[formerly MSS Eur D 914]
| 50 | Letters from Bruce, Tlosai and Violet Lorrain-Foxall | 1953-77 |
| 51 | Other letters about the Mission, mainly from Ellen Fife | 1954-78 |
| 52 | Notes, drafts and articles by Bowman and others on the Mission | 1955-77 |
| 53 | The Lakher Pioneer | 1949-77 [incomplete] |
f. Lakher Pioneer Mission: diaries
| 54 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Jan 1928-Feb 1929 |
| 55 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Feb-Jul 1929 |
| 56 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Jul-Nov 1929 |
| 57 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Nov 1929-Mar 1930 |
| 58 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Apr-Jul 1930 |
| 59 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Jul-Nov 1930 |
| 60 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Nov 1930-Mar 1931 |
| 61 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Mar-Aug 1931 |
| 62 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Aug-Dec 1931 |
| 63 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Dec 1931-Apr 1932 |
| 64 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Apr-Jul 1932 |
| 65 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Jul-Oct 1932 |
| 66 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Oct-Dec 1932 |
| 67 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Dec 1932-Mar 1933 |
| 68 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Mar-May 1933 |
| 69 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | May-Aug 1933 |
| 70 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Aug-Dec 1933 |
| 71 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Dec 1933-Mar 1934 |
| 72 | Diary of [Albert] Bruce Foxall | Mar-Aug 1934 |
| 73 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Aug-Dec 1934 |
| 74 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Jan-Oct 1935 |
| 75 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Oct 1935-Jul 1936 |
| 76 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Jul-Sep 1936 |
| 77 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Sep 1936-Jan 1937 |
| 78 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Jan-Mar 1937 |
| 79 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Mar-May 1937 |
| 80 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Jun-Sep 1937 |
| 81 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Sep-Dec 1937 |
| 82 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Dec 1937-Mar 1938 |
| 83 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Mar 1938-Jan 1939 |
| 84 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | May 1939-Mar 1941 |
| 85 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Mar-Jun 1941 |
| 86 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Jun-Aug 1941 |
| 87 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Aug-Sep 1941 |
| 88 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Sep-Oct 1941 |
| 89 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Oct-Nov 1941 |
| 90 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Jan-Mar 1942 |
| 91 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Jun-Jul 1942 |
| 92 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Jul-Sep 1942 |
| 93 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Jan-Feb 1946 |
| 94 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Feb-Apr 1946 |
| 95 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Apr-Jun 1946 |
| 96 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Jun-Jul 1946 |
| 97 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Jul-Aug 1946 |
| 98 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Aug-Oct 1946 |
| 99 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Oct-Nov 1946 |
| 100 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Nov-Dec 1946 |
| 101 | Diary of Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Dec 1950-Jan 1951 |
g. Lakher Pioneer Mission: financial papers (United Kingdom account):
| 102 | Account book | 1945-57 |
| 103 | Account book | 1951-56 |
| 104 | Account book | 1957-61 |
| 105 | Cash accounts | 1949-61 |
| 106 | Cash accounts | 1962-68 |
| 107 | Cash accounts | 1970-71; 1973 |
| 108 | Receipts, counterfoils and balance roughs | 1959-60 |
| 109 | Address book of supporters of the Mission and subscribers to the Lakher Pioneer | 1962-70 |
| 110 | Index cards to supporters | 1962-77 |
h. Lakher Pioneer Mission: other correspondence and papers
| 111 | Notes by Bruce Foxall on the life of Christ | 1926 |
| 112 | Typed extracts from Bruce Foxall’s letters and diaries and other notes on his life in Lorrainville | Originals dated 1930 |
| 113 | Examination papers in Lakher prepared by Reginald Lorrain for Bruce Foxall and Irene Hadley | 1930-31 |
| 114 | Copies of tributes to Reginald and Maud Lorrain and copies of his Coronation Medal (awarded 1937) and her Kaisar-i-Hind Medal (awarded 1946) | 1937-56 |
| 115 | Papers concerning the family history of Thlahchyu and his claim to the country of Siatah | 1944 |
| 116 | Copies of the Lakher Pioneer sent to the BBC for a proposed This Is Your Life programme on Tlosai Lorrain Foxall and returned because the programme would be too expensive and complicated | [1934-61] 1962 |
| 117 | Notes, drafts and articles on the history of the Mission | c1950-70 |
| 118 | Other miscellaneous correspondence | c1960-70 |
i. Lakher Pioneer Mission: Lakher books and translations by Reginald Lorrain and Bruce Lorrain-Foxall
| 119 | Zawna: the Book of Jonah | London 1915 |
| 120, 121 | Haoli Baibl Sama Chabu Cha: the Psalms [2 copies] | Lorrainville 1943 |
| 122 | Esthy Chabu Cha: the Book of Esther | London 1928 |
| 123 | Hrosopa Bi Zy: minor prophets | Lorrainville nd |
| 124, 125 | Baibul Pathaipa Bu 1: Old Testament, Genesis – II chronicles [2 copies] | Calcutta 1955 |
| 126, 127 | Baibul Pathaipa Bu 2: Old Testament, Ezrah-Isaiah [2 copies] | Calcutta 1955 |
| 128, 129 | Baibul Pathaipa Bu 3: Old Testament, Jeremiah-Malachi [2 copies] | Calcutta 1956 |
| 130, 131 | Bihrai Thipa: New Testament [2 copies] | Calcutta 1928 |
| 132 | Bihrai Thipa: 2nd edition | Calcutta 1939 |
| 133 | Knazopa Chabu Pathaipa: revised version of the Bible | Bangalore 1972 |
| 134, 135 | Bi a Chhypa Bu: Bible stories retold in question and answer form by Reginald Lorrain (illustrated) [2 copies] | London 1913 |
| 136 | Baibl bi: Bible stories translated by Reginald Lorrain | London 1937 |
| 137 | Lakher hymn books, some including translations of the Ten Commandments, the Apostles’ creed and various prayers | 1910-48 |
| 138 | Lakher children’s primers and lesson books by Reginald Lorrain | London 1933 |
| 139 | Tlyzaw Khi a Tlypa: The Pilgrim’s Progress, translated by Reginald Lorrain | London 1937 |
| 140 | Alei a palitupa Zawha ama bipa Thatipha: ‘John Ploughman’s Gospel’ by C H Spurgeon, translated by Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | Lorrainville 1943 |
| 141 | Kri’zyp’e'naw Chiamai Tona: The Christian Bugle Call. Bi-monthly magazine in Lakher printed on the Mission press, Lorrainville | 1936-52 |
j. Lakher Pioneer Mission: books and periodicals in English
| 142, 143 | Five years in unknown jungles. Reginald A Lorrain [2 copies] | London 1912 |
| 144 | The Lakhers. N E Parry | London 1932 |
| 145-147 | Bound volumes of The Lakher Pioneer, Notes from Lakherland and News from Lakherland [vol I also contains other early printed material about the Mission] | 1905-Aug 1970 |
| 148 | The Lakher Pioneer [several duplicates] | Dec 1970-Jul 1978 |
| 149 | Duplicate copies of The Lakher Pioneer [1 box] | |
| 150 | Missionary Review of All Nations and All Nations Bible College Supplement | 1926-28 |
k. Lakher Pioneer Mission: other printed material
| 151 | Pamphlets and leaflets about the Mission | 1920-73 |
| 152 | Cuttings and magazine articles | c1920-70 |
| 153 | Parish magazines, apparently sent as printers’ samples | nd |
| 154 | Ephemera and other printed material | mostly nd |
l. Lakher Pioneer Mission: maps
| 155 | Railway, canal and road maps of India. 1″/32 miles | 1916 |
| [Transferred to Maps Section] | ||
| 156 | Maps of S Asia showing location of the Mission | c1960-70 |
m. Lakher Pioneer Mission: photographic negatives
| 157 | Photographs of ranch life in America | late C19 |
| [Glass negatives only] | ||
| 158 | Wedding photographs of Reginald and Maud Lorrain, his brother J Herbert and Mabel Lorrain, and his sister Ethel (married name unknown] | early C20 |
| [Glass negatives only] | ||
| 159 | The early days of the Lakher Pioneer Mission | c1907-20 |
| [Glass negatives only] | ||
| 160 | The Lorrain-Foxall family with Lakher families and groups | [1960s] |
| [Original negatives with modern reader-printer copies for reference only] |
n. Lakher Pioneer Mission: photographic prints
| 161 | Members of the Lorrain family: Mr and Mrs James Lorrain, their children Reginald, Herbert, Edwin and Ethel, Reginald’s wife Maud their daughter [Louise Marguerite] Tlosai and their adopted Lakher son John David (1922-1923) and [Albert] Bruce Foxall [later Lorrain-Foxall] | c1890-1930 |
| 162 | The Lorrain family including Reginald and Maud Lorrain’s adopted Lakher son Peter Richard, their daughter [Louise Marguerite] Tlosai, her husband [Albert] Bruce Foxall (later Lorrain-Foxall) and their daughter Violet | c1930-40 |
| 163 | The Lorrain family including Reginald and Maud Lorrain’s adopted Lakher son Peter Richard, their daughter [Louise Marguerite] Tlosai, her husband [Albert] Bruce Foxall (later Lorrain-Foxall) and their daughter Violet including photographs of Peter Lorrain and Lapi Sapai’s Wedding | c1940-50 |
| 164 | Photographs of the Lorrain and Lorrain-Foxall families | c1950-60; a few from 1960s |
| 165 | Photographs of the Lorrain and Lorrain-Foxall families including photographs of Peter Lorrain’s children and of Violet Lorrain-Foxall, her husband Lapi Mark and their children | c1970-77 |
| 166 | Lorrainville and Serkawr: the Mission bungalow, garden, compound and farm with members of the Lorrain and Lorrain-Foxall families and Lakhers | c1915-75 |
| 167 | Maudville and the Kaladan river | 1918-c1960 |
| 168 | The Lorrain and Lorrain-Foxall families and colleagues on tour | c1918-60 |
| 169 | The medical work of the Mission | 1918-77 |
| 170 | The Lorrain and Lorrain-Foxall families with colleagues, friends and other missionaries | 1923-c1960 |
| 171 | The Lorrain and Lorrain-Foxall families and colleagues with Lakher individuals and groups | c1925-75 |
| 172 | Lakher, Lushai and Matu individuals, families and groups including photographs of several wedding groups and of the Young People’s Christian Fellowship Group in 1959 | c1925-60 |
| 173 | Gladys Ramsay with the Lorrain and Lorrain-Foxall families and others [Gladys Ramsay worked for the Lakher Pioneer Mission 1921-28] |
1925; early 1940s |
| 174 | The Mission’s Communion set | 1928 |
| 175 | The Lorrain family with Irene Hadley and Bruce Foxall | c1928-34 |
| [Irene Hadley, later Mrs Bell, worked for the Mission 1928-34] | ||
| 176 | The Lorrain family and colleagues with Gladys E Gorst at the Kaladan river | [1928/9] |
| [Gladys Gorst worked for the Mission 1928-29] | ||
| 177 | Pupils at the Mission schools in Lorrainville | c1930-60 |
| 178 | The Lorrain family and colleagues with E S Jelley and his children | 1932 |
| [E S Jelley, an American Missionary married to an Indian woman, joined the mission in Jul 1932 and left in Nov 1932] | ||
| 179 | The Lorrain family with Irene Hadley at the Gateway to India, Bombay | Apr 1934 |
| 180 | On furlough: photographs of London and Liverpool docks | 1934-35 |
| 181 | Louise Marguerite Tlosai Lorrain and Albert Bruce Foxall’s wedding | Sep 1934 |
| 182 | Children’s parties at Lorrainville | c1935-50 |
| 183 | Zyhno village [? Zawngling, Lushai Hills] | 1936 |
| 184 | The new church at Zycha [Zocha, Arakan Hills, Burma] | 1939 |
| 185 | Alice Denning, UK Secretary of the Lakher Pioneer Mission | ? 1930s |
| 186 | Christmas at Lungleh in the Lushai Hills with the Lungleh Sub-Divisional Officer, L L Peters, his wife Mary, Florence Raper, Mr Raper and others | Dec 1940 |
| 187 | Photographs of the Mission and its activities mounted on card for exhibition at fund-raising events and lectures, including photographs of the Lorrain and Lorrain-Foxall families and of Lakhers, Serkawr village, a village church, hunting, the Kaladan river, roads, bridges and roadside tea shop, a man splitting bamboos for building, the celebrations of the Mission’s 50th anniversary and of the completion of the Lakher Old Testament, and Reginald and Maud Lorrain’s grave | c1940-65 |
| 188 | Reginald Lorrain’s wooden grave marker | 1940s |
| 189 | The Lorrain-Foxall family’s visit to Calcutta and their reception back at Serkawr | 1953 |
| 190 | Jawaharlal Nehru’s visit to Aijal, Lushai Hills, and the opening of the Aijal-Lungleh road | Apr 1953 |
| 191 | The Mission’s 50th anniversary celebrations | 1957 |
| 192 | The Lorrain-Foxall family in Bridgnorth, Shropshire with George Thompson and the Rev Samuel Reading of Bridgnorth | Feb 1971 |
| 193 | Bruce Lorrain-Foxall, some of the Mission’s pastors and translators with the revised version of the Lakher Bible | 1973 |
| 194 | The Mission’s jeep reaches the Kaladan river on the new jeep road from Lungleh | 1973 |
| 195 | Celebrating the arrival of the Mission jeep when the road from Lungleh reached Lorrainville | Apr 1976 |
| 196 | Weaving rice baskets | 1976 |
| 197 | Lakher memorial stone | nd |
| 198 | Miscellaneous and unidentified photographs | nd |
| [See also no 37 above for family and other photographs kept by the Schove family] |
o. Lakher Pioneer Mission: slides
| 199 | Box containing lantern slide equipment and tinted glass slides illustrating the history and activities of the Mission, including slides of the journey to Lorrainville, Lakhers and other inhabitants of the South Lushai Hills, Serkawr and Lorrainville, Lakher churches and other buildings | 1930s |
| 200 | Typescript of a lecture to accompany the lantern slides | 1948/49 |
| 201 | Numbered series of slides including slides of the Lorrain and Lorrain-Foxall families; Lakher individuals and groups including some from the Chin hills in Burma; Mission pastors and church members; scenes from daily life, including fetching water and weaving; Lorrainville, the Mission compound and hospital; Serkawr, its school and church; the Kaladan river and surrounding mountains; the construction and clearing of roads; weddings and funerals; Lakher flower dancers; famine relief operations. | c1956-61 |
| Captioned | ||
| 202 | Incomplete series of numbered slides | |
| Nos 1, 3-21, in slide carriage 1: duplicates of same slides from no 199 above | 1930s | |
| Nos 22-70, in slide carriage 1 and 2: the Lorrain-Foxall family and Bruce Lorrain-Foxall’s carrying-chair; Lakher individuals and groups including Mission pastors, wedding groups and festivities, huntsmen, traditional costumes; the mission house, compound and the surrounding hills, Serkawr village and the Kaladan river; Lakher houses; weaving cloth; weaving bamboo panels for houses. | c1967-72 | |
| Uncaptioned. | ||
| Un-numbered slides with maps and statistics concerning the Mission | nd | |
| 202(a) | Notes on a few of the slides in series 2 | nd |
| 203 | The Lorrain-Foxall families, including Peter’s wife Sapai and their children, with Maras | 1968-72 |
| 204 | The Lorrain-Foxall family including Peter’s wife Sapai and their children | 1972 |
| 205 | The Lorrain-Foxall family including Sapai and her children, Violet’s husband Mark and his family | 1973 |
| 206 | The Lorrain-Foxall family including Sapai and her children, Violet’s husband Mark and his family | 1974-75 |
| 207 | Captioned slides including Pawthli’s funeral; a plane dropping famine supplies; the medical work of the Mission; Christmas festivities; Bruce Lorrain-Foxall, the pastors and translators with the new Revised Lakher Bible; the compound Mothers’ Meeting and Young People’s Meeting; Capt Vardowm Singh; the Mission jeep at the Kaladan river; Mara High School | 1970-75 |
| 208 | The day the Mission jeep arrived at Lorrainville on the new jeep road from Lungleh | Apr 1976 |
| 209 | Box of slides, containing mainly photographs of the Lorrain-Foxall family, also including slides of the Compound people’s meeting and youth groups, the Mission house, Compound and surrounding area and its inhabitants, Lakher pastors, preparations for a feast, Lakher women weaving, a funeral | Nov 1976 |
| 210 | Box of slides of the Lorrain-Foxall family, the Mission compound and surrounding area, the Kaladan river, the Mission jeep, Lakher groups | 1977 |
p. Lakher Pioneer Mission: miscellaneous visual material
| 211 | Copper plates for illustration in Five years in unknown jungles and other publications of the Lakher Pioneer Mission with covering letter and notes from Bruce Lorrain-Foxall | 1912-c1940 |
| [2 boxes] | ||
| 212-14 | Cine films marked ‘Film of our Wedding etc 1934, 1960′ [Transferred to Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge] | c1934-60 |
| [3 reels] | ||
| 215 | Sketch of the Mission bungalow and garden | Aug 1937 |
| 216 | Chinese scroll with print of bird and flowers | nd |
q. Lakher Pioneer Mission: tape recordings
| 217 | Commentary on set of slides | 1962 |
| [no 201 above] | ||
| On reverse: Church service | ||
| 218 | ? Prayer or other meeting: in poor condition | nd |
| 219 | Unidentified | nd |
r. Lakher Pioneer Mission: Lakher artefacts (transferred to Museum of Mankind)
| [These were brought home by staff of the Mission and apparently used as illustrations or exhibits at lectures and fund-raising events] | ||
| 220 | Men’s decorated topknot pins | |
| 221 | Women’s bamboo and brass hairpins, including a massive brass ceremonial hairpin | |
| 222 | Decorated combs | |
| 223 | Bamboo necklaces | |
| 224 | Metal bracelets and earrings | |
| 225 | Women’s metal belts | |
| 226 | Woven grass belts worn by old women | |
| 227 | Cotton pods and raw silk | |
| 228 | Examples of raw, carded and spun cotton | |
| 229 | Weaving equipment: bobbins and quilts | |
| 230 | Textiles: woman’s blouse, skirts and apron, man’s ceremonial loincloths, shawls, woven bags | |
| 231 | Carrying straps woven from bamboo | |
| 232 | Model of woven bamboo basket for carrying on back | |
| 233 | Small bamboo baskets, one containing beans and seeds | |
| 234 | Bamboo and wooden spoons | |
| 235 | Bamboo pipes, pipe cleaners and decorated tobacco holder | |
| 236 | Man’s knife in bamboo sheath | |
| 237 | Machete with bamboo handle and decorated blade | |
| 238 | Bamboo and grass broom | |
| 239 | Japanned bamboo fountain pen | |
| 240 | Sacrificial arrows | |
| 241 | Powder-flask made from a gayal’s horn | |
| 242 | Model beer pot | |
| 243 | Child’s rattle made from a bean pod | |
| 244 | Cow or goat bell | |
| 245 | Bear claws and wild boar tusks | |
| 246 | Skin of a gibbon | |
| 247 | Part of a letter from Bruce Lorrain-Foxall explaining some of the artefacts in the collection and recounting how he was called to join the Lakher Pioneer Mission | 1970s |
s. Lakher Pioneer Mission: miscellaneous
| 248 | Lakher Pioneer Mission collecting box | c1920 |
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Laiu Fachhai, BSc, BD, MTh, DTh he ECM Pastor pakha châ ta, atahmano he ECM tuapata Serving In Mission – North East India Director raihriapa ta Shillong liata a chhôhkha chhaota ama pahrâ. He SIM Director rai a hriapa dei châ leipa ta, John Roberts Theological Seminary, Shillong, liata chhao Visiting Professor châpa ta BD a chuhaipazy Biehrai Parohpa nata Hebrai reih a pachu ei.
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